Constructing Pakistan - Introduction

The situation was further complicated because, as early as AD 1803, Shah Abdul Aziz, a leading mujtahid of his time, had already given a fatwa on the state of India:

In this city (Delhi) the Imam-al-Muslimin wields no authority. The real power rest with the Christian officers. There is no check on them; and the promulgation of commands of kufr means that in administration and justice, in matters of law and order, in the trade, finance and collection of revenues -- everywhere the 'kuffar' (infidels) are in power. (Zia-ul-Hassan Faruqi 2-3)